# Always print this out before your assignment
sessionInfo()
R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 19043)

Matrix products: default

locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252  LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252   
[3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252 LC_NUMERIC=C                          
[5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252    

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
 [1] sf_1.0-4           leafgl_0.1.1       htmltools_0.5.2    leaflet_2.0.4.1   
 [5] shiny_1.7.1        Matrix_1.3-4       DiagrammeR_1.0.6.1 xgboost_1.5.0.2   
 [9] lubridate_1.8.0    ggmap_3.0.0        rsample_0.1.1      forcats_0.5.1     
[13] stringr_1.4.0      dplyr_1.0.7        purrr_0.3.4        readr_2.1.0       
[17] tidyr_1.1.4        tibble_3.1.6       ggplot2_3.3.5      tidyverse_1.3.1   
[21] here_1.0.1         knitr_1.36        

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] colorspace_2.0-2        rjson_0.2.20            ellipsis_0.3.2         
 [4] class_7.3-19            rprojroot_2.0.2         fs_1.5.0               
 [7] rstudioapi_0.13         proxy_0.4-26            farver_2.1.0           
[10] listenv_0.8.0           furrr_0.2.3             fansi_0.5.0            
[13] xml2_1.3.2              codetools_0.2-18        cachem_1.0.6           
[16] jsonlite_1.7.2          broom_0.7.10            dbplyr_2.1.1           
[19] png_0.1-7               jsonify_1.2.1           compiler_4.1.2         
[22] httr_1.4.2              backports_1.3.0         assertthat_0.2.1       
[25] fastmap_1.1.0           cli_3.1.0               later_1.3.0            
[28] leaflet.providers_1.9.0 visNetwork_2.1.0        tools_4.1.2            
[31] gtable_0.3.0            glue_1.5.0              Rcpp_1.0.7             
[34] cellranger_1.1.0        jquerylib_0.1.4         vctrs_0.3.8            
[37] crosstalk_1.2.0         xfun_0.28               globals_0.14.0         
[40] rvest_1.0.2             mime_0.12               lifecycle_1.0.1        
[43] future_1.23.0           scales_1.1.1            hms_1.1.1              
[46] promises_1.2.0.1        parallel_4.1.2          RColorBrewer_1.1-2     
[49] yaml_2.2.1              sass_0.4.0              stringi_1.7.5          
[52] e1071_1.7-9             RgoogleMaps_1.4.5.3     rlang_0.4.12           
[55] pkgconfig_2.0.3         bitops_1.0-7            evaluate_0.14          
[58] lattice_0.20-45         htmlwidgets_1.5.4       labeling_0.4.2         
[61] tidyselect_1.1.1        parallelly_1.29.0       plyr_1.8.6             
[64] magrittr_2.0.1          R6_2.5.1                generics_0.1.1         
[67] DBI_1.1.1               pillar_1.6.4            haven_2.4.3            
[70] withr_2.4.3             units_0.7-2             sp_1.4-6               
[73] modelr_0.1.8            crayon_1.4.2            KernSmooth_2.23-20     
[76] utf8_1.2.2              tzdb_0.2.0              rmarkdown_2.11         
[79] jpeg_0.1-9              grid_4.1.2              readxl_1.3.1           
[82] data.table_1.14.2       reprex_2.0.1            digest_0.6.28          
[85] classInt_0.4-3          xtable_1.8-4            httpuv_1.6.3           
[88] munsell_0.5.0           bslib_0.3.1            
getwd()
[1] "C:/Users/Daniel/Documents/GitHub/MGSC-310-Project"

library("here")
here() starts at C:/Users/Daniel/Documents/GitHub/MGSC-310-Project
library("tidyverse")
Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'dbplyr':
  method         from
  print.tbl_lazy     
  print.tbl_sql      
-- Attaching packages -------------------------------------------- tidyverse 1.3.1 --
v ggplot2 3.3.5     v purrr   0.3.4
v tibble  3.1.6     v dplyr   1.0.7
v tidyr   1.1.4     v stringr 1.4.0
v readr   2.1.0     v forcats 0.5.1
-- Conflicts ----------------------------------------------- tidyverse_conflicts() --
x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
library("forcats")
library("rsample")
library("ggplot2")
library("ggmap")
Google's Terms of Service: https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms/.
Please cite ggmap if you use it! See citation("ggmap") for details.
library("dplyr")
library("lubridate")

Attaching package: ‘lubridate’

The following objects are masked from ‘package:base’:

    date, intersect, setdiff, union
library("xgboost")
Registered S3 method overwritten by 'data.table':
  method           from
  print.data.table     

Attaching package: ‘xgboost’

The following object is masked from ‘package:dplyr’:

    slice
library('DiagrammeR')
Registered S3 method overwritten by 'htmlwidgets':
  method           from         
  print.htmlwidget tools:rstudio
library('Matrix')

Attaching package: ‘Matrix’

The following objects are masked from ‘package:tidyr’:

    expand, pack, unpack

crashes <- read.csv(here("datasets", "US_Accidents_Dec20_updated.csv"))


summary(crashes)
      ID               Severity      Start_Time          End_Time        
 Length:1516064     Min.   :1.000   Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   1st Qu.:2.000   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Median :2.000   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                    Mean   :2.239                                        
                    3rd Qu.:2.000                                        
                    Max.   :4.000                                        
                                                                         
   Start_Lat       Start_Lng          End_Lat         End_Lng       
 Min.   :24.57   Min.   :-124.50   Min.   :24.57   Min.   :-124.50  
 1st Qu.:33.85   1st Qu.:-118.21   1st Qu.:33.85   1st Qu.:-118.21  
 Median :37.35   Median : -94.38   Median :37.35   Median : -94.38  
 Mean   :36.90   Mean   : -98.60   Mean   :36.90   Mean   : -98.60  
 3rd Qu.:40.73   3rd Qu.: -80.87   3rd Qu.:40.73   3rd Qu.: -80.87  
 Max.   :49.00   Max.   : -67.11   Max.   :49.08   Max.   : -67.11  
                                                                    
  Distance.mi.      Description            Number           Street         
 Min.   :  0.0000   Length:1516064     Min.   :      0   Length:1516064    
 1st Qu.:  0.0000   Class :character   1st Qu.:   1212   Class :character  
 Median :  0.1780   Mode  :character   Median :   4000   Mode  :character  
 Mean   :  0.5873                      Mean   :   8908                     
 3rd Qu.:  0.5940                      3rd Qu.:  10100                     
 Max.   :155.1860                      Max.   :9999997                     
                                       NA's   :1046095                     
     Side               City              County             State          
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   Zipcode            Country            Timezone         Airport_Code      
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Weather_Timestamp  Temperature.F.   Wind_Chill.F.     Humidity...    
 Length:1516064     Min.   :-89.00   Min.   :-89.0    Min.   :  1.00  
 Class :character   1st Qu.: 47.00   1st Qu.: 40.8    1st Qu.: 48.00  
 Mode  :character   Median : 61.00   Median : 57.0    Median : 68.00  
                    Mean   : 59.58   Mean   : 55.1    Mean   : 64.66  
                    3rd Qu.: 73.00   3rd Qu.: 71.0    3rd Qu.: 84.00  
                    Max.   :170.60   Max.   :113.0    Max.   :100.00  
                    NA's   :43033    NA's   :449316   NA's   :45509   
  Pressure.in.   Visibility.mi.   Wind_Direction     Wind_Speed.mph. 
 Min.   : 0.00   Min.   :  0.00   Length:1516064     Min.   :  0.00  
 1st Qu.:29.44   1st Qu.: 10.00   Class :character   1st Qu.:  4.60  
 Median :29.88   Median : 10.00   Mode  :character   Median :  7.00  
 Mean   :29.55   Mean   :  9.13                      Mean   :  7.63  
 3rd Qu.:30.04   3rd Qu.: 10.00                      3rd Qu.: 10.40  
 Max.   :58.04   Max.   :140.00                      Max.   :984.00  
 NA's   :36274   NA's   :44211                       NA's   :128862  
 Precipitation.in. Weather_Condition    Amenity              Bump          
 Min.   : 0        Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 1st Qu.: 0        Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Median : 0        Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 Mean   : 0                                                                
 3rd Qu.: 0                                                                
 Max.   :24                                                                
 NA's   :510549                                                            
   Crossing           Give_Way           Junction           No_Exit         
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   Railway           Roundabout          Station              Stop          
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Traffic_Calming    Traffic_Signal     Turning_Loop       Sunrise_Sunset    
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Civil_Twilight     Nautical_Twilight  Astronomical_Twilight
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
                                                            
                                                            
                                                            
                                                            


crashes_clean <-
  crashes %>% 
  mutate(Start_Time_Clean = ymd_hms(Start_Time),
         End_Time_Clean = ymd_hms(End_Time),
         Weather_Condition_Clean = as.factor(Weather_Condition),
         Wind_Direction_Clean = as.factor(Wind_Direction),
         Weather_Timestamp_Clean = ymd_hms(Weather_Timestamp),
         State_Clean = as.factor(State),
         County_Clean = as.factor(County),
         City_Clean = as.factor(City),
         Side_Clean = as.factor(Side))
  

summary(crashes_clean)
      ID               Severity      Start_Time          End_Time        
 Length:1516064     Min.   :1.000   Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   1st Qu.:2.000   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Median :2.000   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                    Mean   :2.239                                        
                    3rd Qu.:2.000                                        
                    Max.   :4.000                                        
                                                                         
   Start_Lat       Start_Lng          End_Lat         End_Lng       
 Min.   :24.57   Min.   :-124.50   Min.   :24.57   Min.   :-124.50  
 1st Qu.:33.85   1st Qu.:-118.21   1st Qu.:33.85   1st Qu.:-118.21  
 Median :37.35   Median : -94.38   Median :37.35   Median : -94.38  
 Mean   :36.90   Mean   : -98.60   Mean   :36.90   Mean   : -98.60  
 3rd Qu.:40.73   3rd Qu.: -80.87   3rd Qu.:40.73   3rd Qu.: -80.87  
 Max.   :49.00   Max.   : -67.11   Max.   :49.08   Max.   : -67.11  
                                                                    
  Distance.mi.      Description            Number           Street         
 Min.   :  0.0000   Length:1516064     Min.   :      0   Length:1516064    
 1st Qu.:  0.0000   Class :character   1st Qu.:   1212   Class :character  
 Median :  0.1780   Mode  :character   Median :   4000   Mode  :character  
 Mean   :  0.5873                      Mean   :   8908                     
 3rd Qu.:  0.5940                      3rd Qu.:  10100                     
 Max.   :155.1860                      Max.   :9999997                     
                                       NA's   :1046095                     
     Side               City              County             State          
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   Zipcode            Country            Timezone         Airport_Code      
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Weather_Timestamp  Temperature.F.   Wind_Chill.F.     Humidity...    
 Length:1516064     Min.   :-89.00   Min.   :-89.0    Min.   :  1.00  
 Class :character   1st Qu.: 47.00   1st Qu.: 40.8    1st Qu.: 48.00  
 Mode  :character   Median : 61.00   Median : 57.0    Median : 68.00  
                    Mean   : 59.58   Mean   : 55.1    Mean   : 64.66  
                    3rd Qu.: 73.00   3rd Qu.: 71.0    3rd Qu.: 84.00  
                    Max.   :170.60   Max.   :113.0    Max.   :100.00  
                    NA's   :43033    NA's   :449316   NA's   :45509   
  Pressure.in.   Visibility.mi.   Wind_Direction     Wind_Speed.mph. 
 Min.   : 0.00   Min.   :  0.00   Length:1516064     Min.   :  0.00  
 1st Qu.:29.44   1st Qu.: 10.00   Class :character   1st Qu.:  4.60  
 Median :29.88   Median : 10.00   Mode  :character   Median :  7.00  
 Mean   :29.55   Mean   :  9.13                      Mean   :  7.63  
 3rd Qu.:30.04   3rd Qu.: 10.00                      3rd Qu.: 10.40  
 Max.   :58.04   Max.   :140.00                      Max.   :984.00  
 NA's   :36274   NA's   :44211                       NA's   :128862  
 Precipitation.in. Weather_Condition    Amenity              Bump          
 Min.   : 0        Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 1st Qu.: 0        Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Median : 0        Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 Mean   : 0                                                                
 3rd Qu.: 0                                                                
 Max.   :24                                                                
 NA's   :510549                                                            
   Crossing           Give_Way           Junction           No_Exit         
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   Railway           Roundabout          Station              Stop          
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Traffic_Calming    Traffic_Signal     Turning_Loop       Sunrise_Sunset    
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Civil_Twilight     Nautical_Twilight  Astronomical_Twilight
 Length:1516064     Length:1516064     Length:1516064       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
                                                            
                                                            
                                                            
                                                            
 Start_Time_Clean              End_Time_Clean               
 Min.   :2016-02-08 00:37:08   Min.   :2016-02-08 06:37:08  
 1st Qu.:2018-07-17 14:41:25   1st Qu.:2018-07-17 17:13:14  
 Median :2020-01-24 11:16:33   Median :2020-01-24 13:38:15  
 Mean   :2019-07-15 07:01:48   Mean   :2019-07-15 11:42:20  
 3rd Qu.:2020-10-22 13:01:30   3rd Qu.:2020-10-22 17:50:19  
 Max.   :2020-12-31 23:28:56   Max.   :2021-01-01 00:00:00  
                                                            
  Weather_Condition_Clean Wind_Direction_Clean Weather_Timestamp_Clean      
 Fair         :465252     CALM   :202870       Min.   :2016-02-08 00:53:00  
 Mostly Cloudy:193595     Calm   : 79192       1st Qu.:2018-07-10 10:55:30  
 Clear        :180223     WNW    : 77743       Median :2020-01-22 05:53:00  
 Cloudy       :161291     NW     : 75810       Mean   :2019-07-12 00:02:11  
 Partly Cloudy:133102     W      : 72059       3rd Qu.:2020-10-21 04:54:00  
 Overcast     : 87853     SSW    : 69901       Max.   :2020-12-31 23:35:00  
 (Other)      :294748     (Other):938489       NA's   :30264                
  State_Clean             County_Clean           City_Clean      Side_Clean 
 CA     :448833   Los Angeles   : 138819   Los Angeles:  39984   L: 221502  
 FL     :153007   Orange        :  49833   Miami      :  36233   R:1294562  
 OR     : 87484   Miami-Dade    :  47382   Charlotte  :  22203              
 TX     : 75142   San Bernardino:  30251   Houston    :  20843              
 NY     : 60974   San Diego     :  26623   Dallas     :  19497              
 MN     : 52345   Sacramento    :  25941   Sacramento :  18431              
 (Other):638279   (Other)       :1197215   (Other)    :1358873              

qmplot(Start_Lng, Start_Lat, data = crashes, maptype = "toner-lite", color = factor(Severity))
Using zoom = 4...
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/2/5.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/3/5.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/4/5.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/5/5.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/2/6.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/3/6.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/4/6.png
Source : http://tile.stamen.com/terrain/4/5/6.png

qmplot(End_Lng, End_Lat, data = crashes, maptype = "toner-lite", color = factor(Severity))

ggplot(data = crashes_clean, aes(x = Severity)) + geom_histogram()
`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.


ggplot(data = crashes_clean, aes(x = Start_Time_Clean, y = Distance.mi.)) + geom_line()

NA
NA

crashes_clean %>% 
  ggplot(aes(Start_Time_Clean)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 86400)



crashes_clean %>% 
  mutate(wday = wday(Start_Time, label = TRUE)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = wday)) +
    geom_bar()

NA
NA
NA

crashes_split <- initial_split(crashes_clean, prop = 0.75)

crashes_train <- training(crashes_split)
crashes_test <- testing(crashes_split)


crashes_xgb <- crashes %>% 
  select(-ID,
         -Description,
         -Street,
         -Weather_Timestamp,
         -Number,
         -Airport_Code,
         -Country,
         -Turning_Loop) %>% 
  drop_na()

crashes_split_xgb <- initial_split(crashes_xgb, prop = 0.75)

crashes_train_xbg <- training(crashes_split_xgb)
crashes_test_xbg <- testing(crashes_split_xgb)


sparse_matrix_train <- sparse.model.matrix(Severity ~ .-1, data = crashes_train_xbg)
sparse_matrix_test <- sparse.model.matrix(Severity ~ .-1, data = crashes_test_xbg)


y_train <- as.integer(crashes_train_xbg$Severity) - 1
y_test <- as.integer(crashes_test_xbg$Severity) - 1

xgb_train <- xgb.DMatrix(data = sparse_matrix_train, label = y_train)
xgb_test <- xgb.DMatrix(data = sparse_matrix_test, label = y_test)


xgb <- xgboost(data = xgb_train,
 eta = 0.1,
 max_depth = 15, 
 nround=15, 
 subsample = 0.5,
 colsample_bytree = 0.5,
 seed = 1,
 eval_metric = "merror",
 objective = "multi:softprob",
 num_class = 12,
 nthread = 3
)
[1] train-merror:0.125608 
[2] train-merror:0.123866 
[3] train-merror:0.119900 
[4] train-merror:0.118988 
[5] train-merror:0.118037 
[6] train-merror:0.117486 
[7] train-merror:0.117051 
[8] train-merror:0.115857 
[9] train-merror:0.115532 
[10]    train-merror:0.115065 
[11]    train-merror:0.114324 
[12]    train-merror:0.113583 
[13]    train-merror:0.113274 
[14]    train-merror:0.112928 
[15]    train-merror:0.112617 

y_pred <- predict(xgb, newdata = xgb_train)
print(length(y_pred))
[1] 8492208
print(head(y_pred))
[1] 0.07326703 0.55481678 0.06509762 0.05709703 0.03121519 0.03121519
print(paste("test-error=", err))

[1] "test-error= 0.0723034574753704"
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